Microbial profiling and safety assessment of fish marketed in UAE: a quantitative, biochemical, and molecular study

This study evaluated the microbial quality of two commonly consumed fish species, Carangoides chrysophrys (Jesh sal) and Pomadasys argenteus (Silver grunt), sold in a fish market in the Emirate of Sharjah, UAE. Bacterial loads, diversity, and presence of opportunistic pathogens were assessed using total viable counts (TVC), biochemical identification (VITEK), and molecular detection (PCR). Statistical analysis revealed that overnight/older fish samples had significantly higher bacterial loads compared to fresh/morning samples (p < 0.05). Despite this increase, all bacterial loads remained within acceptable limits set by ICMSF and GCC food safety standards. VITEK identified diverse bacterial genera, including Pseudomonas, Aeromonas, Sphingomonas, Pasteurella, and Acinetobacter, with Proteus mirabilis and Citrobacter braakii recognized as opportunistic pathogens. PCR analysis confirmed the presence of these pathogens using species-specific primers, validating their detection through successful gene amplification. The findings highlight the importance of proper handling, cold storage (≤4 °C), and routine monitoring to minimize bacterial growth and ensure seafood safety. This study also suggests environmental sampling (water, ice, handling surfaces) in future research to trace contamination sources. The integration of molecular techniques such as PCR can enhance pathogen detection, ensuring improved food safety practices in fish markets.