Design research for encouraging proper shared bicycle parking behavior : Design of campus shared electric bicycle parking zones

This study analyzes the effectiveness of a design-led intervention in solving the parking issues of shared Personal Mobility (PM) devices and examines its impact on user behavior. The research methodology involved conducting surveys with users of shared PM devices, performing direct observations in disordered parking zones within the campus, and applying design interventions using feedforward and affordance to monitor and evaluate changes in user behavior. The findings confirm that clearly marked parking zones and intuitive visual elements are effective in changing user behavior, and that subjective norms and feedforward play a crucial role in guiding proper actions. In particular, the visual visibility of parking zones was experimentally proven to be effective in promoting correct parking behaviors. However, physical limitations of parking spaces and time constraints may induce noncompliant behaviors, suggesting the need for flexible design approaches and complementary policy measures. This study provides policy and design recommendations for addressing shared PM parking issues and is expected to serve as foundational research for the development of sustainable urban mobility systems.