Biological activities of lupeol in the management of chronic diseases

Lupeol is a common secondary metabolite found in over 200 plants. Lupeol is a pentacyclic triterpene of the lupane type found in many plants, fruits, and vegetables. Many traditional herbal treatments contain this chemical as their primary active ingredient. Because of their pharmacological properties against cancer, inflammation, arthritis, diabetes, and heart disease, lupeol and its analogs have been the subject of a significant number of publications during the last ten years. Numerous studies have shown that lupeol has a wide range of advantageous pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory, anti-hyperglycemic, anti-dyslipidemic, anti-mutagenic, and antioxidant properties. A thorough discussion of lupeol's biosynthesis, chemical makeup, and modes of action is provided, with a focus on how it affects signaling pathways like PI3K/Akt, NF-κB, and TLR4. This review attempts to give researchers the most recent information, highlight the limitations of pertinent research at this time, and highlight the areas that should be strengthened in future studies by summarizing the developments in pharmacological and pharmacokinetic studies of lupeol over the past ten years, with a focus on its anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties, as well as the research progress of lupeol derivatives thus far.