Cellular Response of Chitosan Loligo sp to Changes in Cell Metabolism of Enterococcus faecalis

Root canal treatment aims to eliminate infection and prevent recontamination, especially against Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) bacteria resistant to antibiotics and disinfectants. Squid bone (Loligo Sp), containing chitosan with antibacterial and antioxidant properties, is potentially effective in killing E. faecalis and can be used as a natural ingredient in root canal care. This study evaluated the characteristics and effects of chitosan Loligo Sp in increasing toxicity and decreasing the viability and release of Nitric Oxide in E. faecalis cells. Chitosan characteristics were assessed using FTIR and GC-MS. The toxicity and viability of E. faecalis cells challenged with chitosan were evaluated with an MTT assay, bacterial cell morphology was examined by a microscope, and bacterial NO value was assessed using FTIR. This study shows that chitosan from squid bones has characteristics that support its use as an antibacterial agent. A chitosan concentration of 10% indicates more significant toxicity against E. faecalis cells, reaching 85%, approximating the positive chlorhexidine (CHX) control value of 90% toxicity. Chitosan significantly decreased the viability of E. faecalis at a concentration of 10%, reducing its viability by 27.8% (p=0.013). In addition, chitosan also inhibits the release of Nitric Oxide by E. faecalis, with the highest inhibition of 80% at a concentration of 10% (p=0.001). Chitosan extracted from squid bones effectively increases toxicity and inhibits E. faecalis's viability and Nitric Oxide release from the bacteria, showing strong potential as an antimicrobial agent.