Effectiveness of non-pharmacological interventions for neurodegenerative disorders: A comprehensive narrative review

Age-related neurodegenerative disorders encompass a range of diseases in the central nervous system characterized by neuronal death, disrupted neural connections, altered neurotransmitter secretions, and notable features of proteinopathy. The increasing prevalence of age-related neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) highlights the need for effective therapeutic strategies. This review aims to advocate for non-pharmacological interventions (NPIs), such as adopting healthy lifestyle habits, engaging in physical exercises, ensuring sufficient quality sleep, and maintaining cognitive activity, over pharmacological treatments. A literature search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Studies were included if they focused on NPIs in ND treatment, were published in peer-reviewed journals, and were written in English. Compared to pharmacological options, many of the NPIs have demonstrated satisfactory clinical outcomes in delaying the progression of neurodegenerative disorders or preventing them in certain cases. Specific dietary patterns, such as the Mediterranean-Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Diet Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay and Mediterranean diet, have been shown to reduce cognitive impairment while mitigating neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. Regular physical exercise promotes an anti-inflammatory state and enhances the secretion of anti-stress hormones like dopamine, thereby fostering neuroplasticity. In addition, obtaining adequate quality sleep and adhering to a consistent circadian rhythm is crucial for memory consolidation and overall cognitive health. Moreover, stress management techniques, such as meditation and yoga, improve cerebral blood flow and help preserve brain structure. Cognitive training and social engagement further contribute to the delay and attenuation of neurodegeneration, thus maintaining cognitive health. Although NPIs show promise in slowing ND progression, further research is needed to validate their effectiveness.