Diversity and Habitat Ecology of Freshwater Edible Snails: Essence in Food Security and Ethno-Medicine in Bihar, India

Molluscs are the second most diverse animal phylum after arthropods, with over 50,000 living species. Some freshwater mollusc species are particularly consumed and economically beneficial for middle-and working-class families in rural areas of Bihar. Certain molluscs are in high demand as they provide an affordable source of protein, contributing to food security, livelihoods, and medicinal uses. However, systematic studies on the nutritional and mineral value of snails, the number of species consumed, and the traditional knowledge associated with them are lacking. An investigation was carried out in north eastern Bihar state, India from May, 2020 to April, 2023. This study is the initial to document the diversity and abundance of edible freshwater molluscs sold, their locations of availability, and their uses. Information was gathered through field and market surveys, as well as informal interactions with vendors selling molluscs. A total of three families-Ampullariidae, Viviparidae, and Unionidae and six species Pila globosa, Pila virens, Bellamya bengalensis, Parreysia spp., and Lamellidens spp. of freshwater edible shellfish (snails) were recorded during our study. All of these species are significant for nutritional food security and medicinal. Thus, it is essential to document these species to ensure their conservation and sustainable management. We also advocate for snail farming to promote conservation efforts and enhance nutritional and food security for tribal communities. This approach will support the sustainable use of natural resources.