Inhibitory Action of Plant Extracts (Maidenhair, Cranberry, and Vitis vinifera) Against Gram-Negative Bacteria Isolated from Urinary Tract Infection

Abstract Background: According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, urinary tract infections (UTIs) require healthcare. Likewise, UTIs are the most common infections that result in prescriptions for antibiotics following a doctor’s visit. Because UTI symptoms are generally mild and overuse of antibiotics may contribute to antibiotic resistance, it is crucial to establish appropriate criteria for antibiotic therapy. Finding alternatives to antibiotics, such as extracts or nanomaterials. Objective: The current study was carried out to investigate the inhibitory action of three plant extracts (Maidenhair, Cranberry, and Vitis vinifera ) against gram-negative bacteria isolated from UTI. Materials and Methods: Aquatic extracts were prepared from three different plant species (Maidenhair, Cranberry, and V. vinifera ). The antimicrobial activity of the aquatic extracts from Maidenhair, Cranberry, and V. vinifera was tested in vitro using agar well diffusion assays, biofilm formation assays, and adherence tests. Results: The findings demonstrated that herbal plants had a potent inhibitory effect on gram-negative bacteria ( Proteus vulgaris, Proteus merabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas flourscences, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerugenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Serratia spp.) isolated from UTI. Additionally, we discovered that, against gram-negative bacteria, plant extracts outperformed the broad-spectrum antibiotic ciprofloxacin in terms of bacterial eradication. The virulence factors, including biofilm and anti-adhesion that are present in pathogenic bacteria, can be inhibited by Maidenhair and Cranberry plant extracts, with levels of inhibition ranging from high against six pathogenic species to moderate against two pathogenic isolates. However, V. vinifera extract was less successful in thwarting virulence factors for the isolates examined. Conclusion: The effectiveness of the aquatic extract for Maidenhair, Cranberry, and V. vinifera to inhibit growth, virulence factors of gram negative isolates and reduce UTIs.