Resistotypes as a characterization of microbial communities associated with human health. Systematic Review

The concept of resistotype represents a new characterization of bacterial communities distinct from their taxonomic composition. The term “resistotype” is now commonly used to refer to specific clusters within a resistome that possess a characteristic phenotypic profile, or set of antimicrobial resistance genes. In contrast to traditional approaches that focus on individual resistance genes or phenotypic manifestations of resistance, resistome analysis allows resistance to be considered at a more comprehensive level, integrating different genes and their interactions within microbial populations or an entire microbial community. The aims and objectives of the review are to analyze and summarize current data on how resistotypes of individual microbial species and bacterial communities are identified and analyzed. Literature sources devoted to the identification of resistotypes of individual bacterial species and bacterial communities of humans and farm animals over the past 10 years were analyzed. At the current moment, identification of microorganism resistotypes is not a common practice for studies related to resistance analysis. Phenotypic research methods, rarely supplemented by genetic or genomic data, are currently used to identify resistotypes of bacterial isolates. Metagenomic sequencing and bioinformatics analysis methods are used to identify resistome and resistotypes of microbial communities. Conclusion. Identification of resistotypes provides additional assessment of resistome in different microbial populations. Resistotype analysis can be applied both in clinical practice, to select the most appropriate method of therapy, and in agriculture, to improve the control of antibiotic resistance of microorganisms pathogenic to animals.