Unveiling the Hidden Link of Biosecurity in Preventing Vaccine Failure in Livestock: An Updated Review

The growing global population has amplified the demand for food, making the international trade of livestock a significant threat to animal and public health due to the increased risk of zoonotic disease transmission through animal movement or the consumption of their products. Biosecurity measures (BSMs) and vaccination are two essential tools that, when effectively implemented, can significantly reduce the spread of diseases from livestock. However, their failure not only escalates the burden of disease but also compromises food security and public health. Weak or poorly enforced BSMs can undermine the efficacy of vaccinations, creating challenges against disease prevention efforts. Conversely, robust BSMs such as nutritional and environmental management, routine monitoring of disease, farm management, and hygiene provide a critical foundation for successful vaccination programs by minimizing disease exposure and ensuring vaccine effectiveness. Inappropriate vaccination administration, inadequate cold chain management, and the frequency of immunosuppressive illnesses are also reported as contributing factors to vaccine failure. This review delves into the interconnected roles of BSMs and vaccination, unveiling the importance of the implementation of biosecurity principles in preventing vaccine failure. It also explores how the integration of biosecurity practices and vaccination strengthens animal health systems, mitigates zoonotic risks, and enhances overall food safety. Future research should concentrate on integrated biosecurity techniques by strengthening on-farm biosecurity protocols, proper handling and administration of vaccines, careful disease surveillance, and awareness programs thereby increasing the resilience of our livestock industry against notable diseases.