Birds from the oven: the Middle Palaeolithic avifauna of Tabun Cave, Mount Carmel, Israel

Abstract The long Middle Palaeolithic sequence of Tabun Cave covers a vital time of human dispersal across the Levant, both from Africa and from Europe. The sequence contains two of the human morphotypes found in the Levant during this period, most usually assigned to Neanderthals and anatomically modern humans, providing a unique opportunity to investigate whether there are behavioural differences between the two human groups. We approach this through the bird remains that offer a novel proxy to examine changes in the palaeoenvironment and potentially, human subsistence at Mount Carmel during the Middle Palaeolithic. We present the first systematic account of avian remains from Tabun layers C and B, along with a detailed taphonomic study. We identified 47 avian species from 27 stratified samples at Tabun Cave, including game birds, diurnal and nocturnal raptors, waterbirds, pigeons, and small songbirds. All constitute part of the present, or historically documented, avifauna of Israel, though not necessarily in the vicinity of the cave. Raptors seem to be a major depositional agent of birds in the cave, especially in the upper sedimentary unit (Tabun B). In contrast, some human contribution to the avian deposition is suggested in the lower part (Tabun C), based on the taxonomic dominance of rock doves and some evidence for cooking. Humans likely collected and exploited birds from the adjacent coastal plain, too. The identified avian taxa represent a full annual cycle of sedentary and migratory species, indicating largely similar conditions to the present day in Tabun B. Conversely, fluctuations in humidity and temperature in Tabun C were in conjunction to the most substantial human occupation of the examined sequence.