Environmental and public health risk management, remediation and rehabilitation options for impacts of radionuclide mining

Radionuclide mining provides essential resources for energy production and industrial applications; however, unregulated activities pose significant environmental and public health risks. This review examines various radionuclide mining methods based on their physical and chemical properties and evaluates existing regulatory frameworks. It highlights key environmental monitoring techniques, including gamma spectrometry, radon detector, and remote sensing, for ensuring occupational and ecological safety. The study also explores remediation and rehabilitation strategies, such as radioactive waste disposal methods, site restoration, and health monitoring programs for workers and local communities. Additionally, it emphasizes the role of artificial intelligence (AI) and other risk management tools in enhancing transparency, waste management, and community engagement. The findings underscore the necessity of integrating sustainable mining practices that balance economic benefits with environmental and human health protection. Ultimately, this review concludes that prioritizing environmental and public health safeguards is critical before the commencement of radionuclide mining activities.