Affirmative action in Japanese higher education: A critical examination of DEI implementation

This study examines the implementation of affirmative action policies in Japanese higher education institutions under the banner of diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI). Through a mixed-methods approach combining secondary data analysis and policy review, we investigate how DEI initiatives in Japan's relatively racially homogeneous society have been interpreted and applied, focusing primarily on gender-based policies. Our findings reveal that diversity efforts in Japanese higher education are predominantly centered on increasing female representation, particularly in STEM fields. This narrow focus persists despite statistical evidence suggesting that men are underrepresented in higher education overall and that other factors such as economic background and regional origin may be more significant barriers to educational access. We argue that this gender-centric approach to DEI in Japan stems from selective interpretations of international DEI practices, particularly those from Western countries, without sufficient adaptation to Japan's unique social context. This has led to policies such as female-only quotas in university admissions and faculty hiring, potentially creating new forms of discrimination. The study highlights the need for a more comprehensive and evidence-based approach to DEI in Japanese higher education, calling for greater attention to socioeconomic status and geographical location. It further underscores the importance of rigorous policy evaluation to ensure that DEI initiatives achieve their intended goals without perpetuating new inequalities. Overall, this research contributes to the broader discourse on DEI in non-Western, racially homogeneous contexts and stresses the necessity of adapting global DEI principles to local conditions while preserving the fundamental aim of promoting genuine inclusivity and equal opportunity. • Japan's DEI initiatives in higher education focus primarily on gender. • Men are underrepresented in higher education despite policies focused on women. • In Japan, economic and regional factors may be as significant as gender barriers. • Selective analysis of global "diversity" practices overlooks Japan's unique context. • Comprehensive, evidence-based approach to diversity in education is urgently needed.