Hiemenz flow of ternary hybrid nanofluid over a linear stretching/shrinking sheet: Duality and stability analysis

The Hiemenz flow of a ternary hybrid nanofluid (THNF) consisting of H 2 O / Al 2 O 3 + Cu + TiO 2 has been successfully realised over a linear stretching or shrinking sheet, taking into account the effects of heat radiation. Nanofluids are composed of three distinct kinds of nanoparticles that are spread throughout a base fluid. These nanoparticles display a variety of sophisticated thermophysical properties. Ternary hybrid nanofluids are advantageous for usage in the cooling of electronic devices, microchips, and nuclear reactors due to their increased thermal conductivity. The stretching/shrinking sheet models the behavior of cooling surfaces in high-performance heat exchangers. When applied to a stretching sheet, the Hiemenz flow model replicates the process of cooling thin, flexible surfaces that are contained inside microchannels. As a result of the radiative heat effect, these fluids are able to absorb more heat, which results in an improvement in the cooling performance of electronic devices that create large thermal loads. The equations of Navier–Stokes have been transformed into equations of self-similarity by applying appropriate transformations of similarity variables. These equations have been numerically resolved by using the three-stage Labatto-three-A method. Dual solutions are achieved in specific ranges of parameter. There is no discernible increase or reduction in the values of skin coefficients, friction, and heat transfer rate in the dual solutions domain when the solid volume percent of titanium dioxide is increased. In the presence of an increase in the value of the solid volume fraction of titanium dioxide, the rate of heat transfer improved. The thickness of the thermal boundary layer (BL) increased with thermal radiation but decreased with the Prandtl number. Furthermore, temporal stability analysis reveals that the first solution exhibits superior long-term stability.