Innovative CuO worm-shaped@BiVO4 photoelectrochemical biosensor for enhanced glucose detection in athletes' biological samples

The rapid and precise detection of glucose concentration in athletes is critical for optimizing efficiency and preventing metabolic disorders. In this study, we present a CuO worm-shaped@BiVO 4 heterostructured photoelectrochemical (PEC) biosensor for glucose detection in biological samples from athletes. The CuO worm-shaped@BiVO 4 was characterized with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), UV-Vis spectroscopy and electrochemical techniques. The advanced design integrates the superb electron mobility of CuO with superior photoactivity of BiVO 4 , causing in a susceptible and stable biosensing platform for immobilizing of glucose oxidize enzyme (GO X ). The synergistic interaction between CuO and BiVO 4 significantly increases light capture and electron-hole separation, improving PEC efficiency of CuO worm-shaped@BiVO 4 /ITO (6 times) than to CuO/ITO. Experimental results exhibit that the biosensor has a remarkable and linear reaction from 0.5 to 20 µM, with a LOD 0.13 µM. Moreover, the sensor shows excellent selectivity, stability (for one month), and reproducibility (with RSD, 4.6 %) in complex biological matrices, highlighting its potential for glucose checking with excellent recovery (94.72–104.43 %) in athletic performance management. This research offers a hopeful strategy for the improvement of next generation bioelectrode tailored to the needs of athletes and other high performance individuals. • A PEC biosensor was introduced based on GO X /CuO Worm-Shaped@BiVO 4 /ITO. • The presenting of CuO to BiVO 4 /ITO increased the photocurrent in PEC sensor. • The GO X /CuO Worm-Shaped@BiVO 4 /ITO showed wide LDR and LOD for glucose detection. • The biosensor had acceptable results for glucose determination in athletes' blood samples.