Comprehensive insights into Pseudo-nitzschia research in the Adriatic Sea: Diverse perspectives and emerging discoveries

Pseudo-nitzschia, a globally distributed diatom genus, dominates phytoplankton communities in biomass and abundance, with some species producing domoic acid (DA), the neurotoxin responsible for Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP). The Adriatic Sea has become a hub of Pseudo-nitzschia research over the past 15 years. This review synthesizes multidisciplinary research across Adriatic sub-basins, integrating morphological, genetic, and ecological data. While ASP has never been documented in the Adriatic, DA was occasionally detected in shellfish. The production was linked to toxic species such as P. multistriata , P. calliantha , and P. galaxiae , which were found to produce DA in cultures from Adriatic isolates. Despite progress, LM-based monitoring remains prevalent, underestimating species complexity and toxigenic potential. Electron microscopy and genetic barcoding have nonetheless revealed new insights into the species composition of this genus in Adriatic. A total of 14 species have been reported so far with prominent regional disparity: the northern and middle Adriatic host higher diversity, contrasting with the southern Adriatic, where only five species were confirmed, and research remains sparse. Seasonal dynamics show summer-autumn peaks in abundance, though interannual and regional variability is notable. We present recent advances from the Adriatic including the discovery of Pseudo-nitzschia -infecting viruses, population genomic insights in P. multistriata , and metabarcoding-driven revelations of cryptic diversity. Finally, we highlight critical knowledge gaps, including the ecological drivers of toxicity and the impacts of oligotrophication on community shifts. Collaborative, high-resolution methodologies (e.g., omics, automated imaging) are urged to address emerging challenges under climate change and anthropogenic pressures. Highlights • First comprehensive synthesis of Pseudo-nitzschia research in the Adriatic Sea. • 14 Pseudo-nitzschia species recorded so far. • The genus typically blooms in the summer and autumn. • Toxigenic species: P. calliantha, P. multistriata, P. galaxiae, and P. delicatissima.