Anticancer efficacy of arnica Montana extract-loaded chitosan submicron particles in human myeloid leukemia cell lines: Insights from a 3D composite model

The development of effective treatment strategies for leukemia remains a significant challenge. This study aims to evaluate the anticancer effects of arnica Montana extract-loaded chitosan submicron particles (AM-CNPs) using a 3D composite model and to assess their potential hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. A 3D model was established incorporating AM-CNPs dispersed in a collagen hydrogel, developed through the ionotropic gelation method. The model's properties were analyzed in vitro, focusing on its impact on leukemia cell viability and migration. Subsequently, the hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity of AM-CNPs were evaluated using a rat model. In vitro studies demonstrated that AM-CNPs significantly decreased the viability and migration of leukemia cells. Real-time PCR analysis indicated that this reduction in cell viability was associated with the downregulation of MAPK and AKT signaling pathways. In vivo assessments revealed that AM-CNPs did not significantly affect liver or renal function, suggesting a favorable safety profile. The AM-CNPs demonstrated promising anticancer activity against leukemia cells in the 3D model, with no significant adverse effects observed in liver and kidney functions in rats. This model holds the potential for advancing drug screening and therapeutic strategies for leukemia.