Erythropoietin for Seizures and Epilepsy: Neuroprotective Effects, Mechanisms, and Contradictory Risks

Experimental studies suggest that erythropoietin offers neuroprotective benefits in epilepsy. However, its possible pro-convulsant effects-which might be linked to erythropoietin-induced hypertension, rapid increases in hematocrit levels, dosage, or individual patient characteristics-raise safety concerns. These risks complicate its clinical use, making it premature to endorse erythropoietin as a treatment fully. Future research should focus on non-erythropoietic derivatives that retain neuroprotective effects without stimulating red blood cell production, thereby reducing risks, such as hypertension and thrombosis. Well-designed clinical trials and further investigation into erythropoietin's mechanisms are essential to clarify its role and optimize its therapeutic potential in epilepsy.