E-LEACH++:An advanced clustering protocol

In wireless sensor networks power optimization is very crucial aspect due to confined battery capacity of sensor nodes . To improve energy efficiency and network longevity various protocols have been presented like LEACH protocol, known for its clustering approach, suffers from inefficiencies due to its random selection of cluster heads (CHs) and reliance on single-hop communication, leading to imbalanced energy usage. This paper introduces E-LEACH++, an improved protocol that enhances CH selection through a multi-factor approach, integrates cost-aware multi-hop routing, and employs adaptive sleep scheduling to maximize energy efficiency. Notable enhancements include a composite CH selection strategy that considers residual energy, node centrality, and proximity, along with a fault-tolerant backup CH system. Simulation results indicate that E-LEACH++ extends network lifespan by 30–50% and lowers energy consumption by 30–40% compared to LEACH, all while maintaining a packet delivery success rate above 95%. These findings establish E-LEACH++ as a reliable and effective solution for energy-limited WSNs.