Exploring drug-induced liver injury: comprehensive insights into mechanisms and management of hepatotoxic agents

Abstract Background Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a significant adverse drug reaction, manifesting through a range of clinical presentations from mild liver enzyme to acute liver failure. Main text This review provides a comprehensive overview of DILI, emphasizing the differences between intrinsic and idiosyncratic DILI. The underlying molecular mechanisms, like mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and immune-mediated responses, are discussed in detail. The epidemiology of DILI is explored through various retrospective and prospective studies, highlighting the role of specific medications and individual susceptibility factors. The review also addresses the challenges in diagnosing DILI and the impact on drug development and clinical practice. Conclusion DILI poses a significant clinical threat due to its potential for causing acute liver failure and associated mortality. To improve patient outcomes, further research is crucial to identify effective therapeutic interventions.