Variabilities, Pathogenicity and Antimicrobial Determinants Amongst O1/O139, and Non-O1/O139 Choleragenic Vibrio Cholerae; A Duodecadal Regional Scientific Record

Considering the rapid changing pattern, re-emergence and the global impact of the cholera pathogen in area of previously reported outbreaks, the problem of proper management and control/treatment remains a major concern.The profile of change at successive outbreak has become public health point of discuss in both developed and developing countries including Africa, Asia, Europe and Australia between 1992 till date.This review aimed to emphasize on the nature and relevance of such re-occurring variant in the management of impending outbreaks.Possible turning point to this discuss may be a redirected or a global re-evaluation of the identification/characterisation scheme, adequate preparedness for outbreak and global comparative genomic studies.An improved, developed and continuous epidemiological surveillance strategy that includes stringent application of molecular biology techniques on characterisation of transitional strains within countries and continents are suggested.These include bio-typing, sero-typing, sero-grouping, patho-typing, phage typing, plasmid profiling, mobilome typing, restriction fragment length polymophysm (Pulso-typing), typing of Cluster of Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat (CRISPR) and the associated CRISPR (Cas) genes, typing of phage-inducible chromosomal island (PICI) or PICI-like element (PLE) typing, and antibacterial resistant pattern.It is suggestive that future emphasis on improved comparative genomic studies, detection and identification/ characterisation scheme may influence control of outbreak and possible re-emergence problem.Application of the suggested scheme on early suspected cases both at the poor, rich, rural, urban, local and global sectors may affect the exact management and control of possible future outbreaks.With emphasis on global comparative genomics and perk-up characterisation scheme, the control/management of cholera or distribution dynamics as well as nature of re-occurring variant choleragenic Vibrio cholera, O1/O139 and Non-O1/O139 sero-groups there is high chance of effective control of strains.