THE IMPACT OF ENDOCRINE DISRUPTIONS ON ANIMAL AND HUMAN ORGANISM

Endocrine disruptors (EDCs) are chemicals that interfere with hormonal balance in both animals and humans, potentially leading to a wide range of health problems. This review explores how endocrine disruptors function, their sources, and their effects on human and animal health, including their impact on the reproductive system, metabolism, neuroendocrine function, and cancer progression. The aim of this review is to describe the mechanisms of action of endocrine disruptors, such as their interactions with hormonal receptors, induction of epigenetic changes, and effects on cell signaling pathways. Additionally, this work examines how endocrine disruptors influence physiological processes, evaluates the impact of nanoparticles on endocrine disruption, and discusses the body's defense mechanisms against these agents. Among the most well-known EDCs are bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalates, which have been linked to a wide range of health conditions. Recent studies have also highlighted the risks posed by nanoparticles, including microplastics and nanoplastics, which amplify endocrine disruption and disturb hormonal balance. Future research should focus on identifying molecular pathways affected by EDCs to mitigate their negative impact on the endocrine system.