Postpartum Depression: Theoretical Perspectives, Prevalence, and Predictive Models for Public Health Interventions

Postpartum depression (PPD) is a major public health challenge affecting millions of mothers globally, with prevalence rates as high as 18.6% in Sub-Saharan Africa and 10–15% worldwide. Characterized by symptoms such as impaired functioning, sadness, irritability, and guilt, PPD has significant psychological, emotional, and social consequences for mothers, families, and communities. While its etiology remains multifaceted, involving demographic, biological, and psychological factors, theoretical frameworks such as the Health Belief Model, Information Motivation Theory, Protection Motivation Theory, and Transtheoretical Model offer insights into understanding and addressing PPD. These models emphasize the importance of education, behavioural intent, motivation, and risk perception in shaping maternal health behaviours. Evidence-based interventions, including pharmacological, psychosocial, and psychological strategies, have shown promise in lessening PPD’s impact. However, tailored, culturally sensitive approaches are crucial for effective prevention and management. This review underscores the urgent need for integrated public health interventions informed by robust theoretical perspectives to enhance maternal mental health and improve postpartum care outcomes globally.