Micro and Macrovascular Complications in Diabetes Mellitus

Hyperglycaemia is the hallmark of diabetes mellitus. It is a complicated chronic metabolic disease. These problems, which have long-term detrimental effects on key organs, including the eyes, kidneys, heart, and brain, and increase patient mortality, can be categorized as either microvascular or macrovascular complications based on the various pathophysiological causes. The incidence and prevalence of diabetes mellitus have dramatically increased in recent years, making it a serious worldwide health concern. Furthermore, as more people embrace a Western diet and lifestyle, the incidence is predicted to keep rising. About one-third to one-half of diabetics suffer from organ and tissue damage as a result of the disease’s strong correlation with both microvascular and macrovascular complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy (microvascular) and ischemic heart disease, peripheral vascular disease, and cerebrovascular disease (macrovascular). Vascular problems contribute significantly to diabetes mellitus (DM), globally accounting for 26.8% of cases. About 20% to 30% of diabetic patients experience macrovascular problems, which greatly increase the morbidity and death rate of type 2 diabetes. Patients with diabetes have significant increases in morbidity and a severe reduction in their quality of life due to microvascular problems. In this review, we will discuss both macrovascular and microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus, its mechanism, novel diagnostic tools, and treatment strategies in detail.