Current diagnostic techniques primarily used in veterinary diagnostics of Salmonella

This review paper briefly overviews various methods used to detect and identify Salmonella, a common foodborne zoonotic pathogen in veterinary medicine. Salmonella bacteria is mainly found in food products and, when ingested, causes severe gastrointestinal symptoms. Due to the ongoing presence of pathogenic Salmonella in food production systems, it poses a serious public health threat. Therefore, a constant need remains to enhance identification and detection methods capable of identifying this pathogen and preventing outbreaks. The conventional and widely-used culture-based method can be considered the gold standard. However, it is time-consuming and laborious, as is traditional serotyping by slide agglutination. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) offers faster detection with higher specificity by identifying Salmonella antigens or antibodies. However, some laboratories prefer other methods due to limited sensitivity and the time it takes to establish an immune response. Therefore, methods like subtyping or advanced molecular techniques have evolved over the years: polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods and next-generation sequencing (NGS) provide rapid and accurate identification of Salmonella.Unlike PCR-based methods that target specific genes, NGS provides a sequence of complete genomes. Mass spectrometry andFourier transform infrared spectroscopy are also used, while biosensors are still in the early stages of technological development. This paper discusses the progress of identification and detection approaches for Salmonella, emphasising their basic principles, applications, and performances, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of each method.