Comprehensive review of distributed denial of service attack mitigation strategies

Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks are among the most disruptive cybersecurity threats, targeting the availability of online services. Attackers leverage networks of compromised devices to flood target systems with malicious traffic, rendering them inaccessible to legitimate users. This review explores various DDoS mitigation strategies, emphasizing prevention, detection, and response techniques. We discuss anomaly detection methods, machine learning models, and rate limiting techniques to prevent volumetric attacks. Additionally, we analyse recent advancements and highlight future research directions aimed at improving the effectiveness of DDoS mitigation. which enhance the adaptability and scalability of modern defence mechanisms. Finally, we outline the challenges of mitigating evolving DDoS threats and propose future research directions to strengthen cybersecurity frameworks. Our findings underscore the importance of integrating multiple layers of defines to ensure the robustness of online services against increasingly complex DDoS attacks