The Impact of Aortic Calcification on Surgical Outcomes in Colorectal Cancer Patients: A Retrospective Analysis Focused on Anastomotic Leakage

<i>Background and Objectives</i>: Anastomotic leakage (AL) is a major complication of colorectal surgery (CRS), increasing morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. While several AL risk factors have been identified, the role of aortic calcification (AC) remains unclear. As a marker of systemic atherosclerosis, AC may impair tissue perfusion and anastomotic healing. Additionally, tumor factors (TNM stage, histology, and localization) and patient comorbidities (hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and neoadjuvant therapy) may contribute to AL risk. This study evaluates the association between preoperative AC and AL incidence while considering additional risk factors. <i>Materials and Methods</i>: This retrospective cohort study included 151 patients undergoing CRS from January 2020 to October 2023. Preoperative CT scans classified AC into Stage 0 (none), Stage 1 (<50%), and Stage 2 (>50%) of the aortic circumference. Data on demographics, tumor characteristics, neoadjuvant therapy, and comorbidities were collected. AL risk factors were analyzed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression. <i>Results</i>: AL occurred in 5.96% (9/151) of patients. AL incidence was significantly higher in patients with >50% AC (44.47% vs. 11.27%, <i>p</i> = 0.012). Multivariate analysis confirmed AC as an independent AL predictor (OR = 10.38, 95% CI: 1.243-92.118, <i>p</i> = 0.032). Rectal tumor localization (<i>p</i> = 0.038), hypertension (<i>p</i> = 0.027), cardiovascular disease (<i>p</i> = 0.014), and neoadjuvant therapy (<i>p</i> = 0.045) were also associated with increased AL risk. <i>Conclusions</i>: Severe AC is an independent predictor of AL in CRS. Additionally, rectal tumors, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and neoadjuvant therapy contribute to AL risk. Preoperative vascular assessments and comprehensive risk stratification models may help identify high-risk patients and guide perioperative management strategies to reduce AL incidence.