Prediction of Green Solvent Applicability in Cultural Heritage Using Hansen Solubility Parameters, Cremonesi Method and Integrated Toxicity Index

The transition toward sustainable conservation practices requires a scientifically ground approach to substituting traditional solvent systems with green alternatives. This study aims to facilitate the adoption of green solvents by restoration professionals by systematically evaluating their chemical compatibility and toxicological safety. By integrating Hansen solubility parameters (HSP), Relative Energy Difference (RED), and the Integrated Toxicity Index (ITI), we identified green solvents with high potential for replacing Cremonesi mixtures. The analysis revealed that ether-based solvents, such as 2,5-dimethyltetrahydrofuran and cyclopentyl methyl ether, exhibit high chemical affinity with Cremonesi mixtures, while esters and fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) offer a balanced combination of solubility and low toxicity. However, the study also underscores significant gaps in safety data (SDS) for many innovative solvents, highlighting the need for further toxicological evaluation before widespread implementation.