Relationships between Suicidality and Perceived Social Support in Pregnant Adolescents—A Prospective Case-Control Study

Background: Adolescent pregnancy is a critical issue that affects both mental health and social well-being, increasing the risk of challenges such as depression, anxiety, and suicidal behaviors. The availability of support systems can play a vital role in mitigating these risks. However, the relationship between social support and mental health outcomes in pregnant adolescents (PAs) remains underexplored in Turkey. This prospective case-control study aims to investigate the relationships between perceived social support, suicidality, and psychopathology in PAs compared to a healthy non-PAs (NPAs) control group, while identifying key risk factors for suicidality within the Turkish context. Methods: This study included 50 PAs and 50 NPAs, aged 13–19 years. Data were collected between June 2018 and December 2018 using the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), Suicide Probability Scale (SPS), Revised Children’s Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS), and the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children—Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL-DSM-5). Results: Suicide attempts were reported by 18% of PAs and 6% of NPAs (p = 0.065). Suicidal thoughts were noted in 10% of both groups (p = 1.000). Past psychiatric disorders were significantly more common in PAs compared to NPAs (p = 0.005). A history of physical and sexual trauma was also significantly higher in PAs (p < 0.05). No significant differences were observed in the total SPS or RCADS scores between the groups (p > 0.05). Stepwise regression analysis identified depressive symptoms (β = 1.619, p < 0.001), lack of school attendance (β = 19.213, p = 0.010), illicit drug use (β = 13.583, p = 0.026), and a history of suicide attempts (β = 11.815, p = 0.005) as predictors of suicide probability in PAs. Family support was identified as a protective factor (β = –2.431, p = 0.009). Conclusions: PAs are at increased risk for suicidality, particularly those with depressive symptoms, histories of abuse, or delinquent behaviors. Family support emerges as a crucial protective factor. Interventions focused on mental health, social support, and access to education are essential for mitigating these risks.