Characterization, Analysis, and Modeling of the Non-Stationary V2I Channel at 28-GHz on Highways

In this work, the 28 GHz V2I channel in highway scenarios is studied. For this purpose, we conducted measurement campaigns in two different settings and analyzed the results. We show how the propagation characteristics of these channels are highly dependent on the presence or absence of certain reflective elements in the environment. Consequently, we propose a very simple ray tracing model to analyze the multipath behavior of the channel. We also discuss the stationarity of the channel through the comparison of three state-of-the-art methods. Stationarity time values between 25 ms and 41 ms were obtained for a car moving slightly under the maximum allowed speed of 120 km/h. Taking stationarity into account, we computed the channel wideband parameters. Delay spread values of less than 10 ns were obtained when the link antennas were properly aligned. However, they can jump to more than 100 ns when a line-of-sight (LOS) component is not dominant due to the presence of discrete reflectors.