The greener, the better? A comprehensive framework for studying the effect of urban green spaces on subjective well-being

Abstract Urban green spaces (UGS) are increasingly appraised as critical elements of contemporary urban landscapes, offering multiple benefits that directly and indirectly influence residents’ subjective well-being (SWB). In recent years, particularly in the context of climate change challenges and the societal impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic, research on the UGS-SWB nexus has surged, reflecting a growing interest in understanding the nuances of this relationship for informed urban planning. Despite the mounting scientific evidence, the topic continues to be marked by interpretative complexity and ambiguity. The article aims to establish a cohesive framework that could serve as a platform to move from general findings and simple deterministic associations to a more integrated approach for planning UGS that enhances SWB. To achieve this, we conducted a systematic review of 63 empirical studies published between 2013 and 2023, mapping the research landscape, identifying trends, and exploring methodological aspects. Drawing on this analysis, we developed a comprehensive framework for studying the associations of urban green spaces with subjective well-being. The proposed framework identifies three core components –individuals, UGS attributes, and the broader spatial context– that interact through two sets of processes – exposure mechanisms and pathways of influence– highlighting the dynamic and reciprocal ways that UGSs affect SWB. This structured approach acknowledges the complex nature of the UGS-SWB relationship, facilitates cross-disciplinary research, and supports evidence-based urban planning and policy development.