Differentiation of self and relational mindfulness in the dyadic adaptation model in the face of stressful external factors

Introduction: The functioning of couples in today’s world is increasingly associated with experiencing a growing number of external stressors, such as professional responsibilities, family member illnesses, or global crises. These stressors negatively affect the quality of romantic relationships, leading to reduced satisfaction and increased conflict within the relationship. The aim of this article is to present a modified model of dyadic adaptation in the face of external stressors, integrating differentiation of self and relational mindfulness. The model is based on family systems theory, the theory of mindfulness shaping processes in romantic relationships and their outcomes and is framed by the assumptions of the Vulnerability-Stress-Adaptation (VSA) Model. Method: A systematic literature review of the last five years (since 2020) was conducted, analyzing quantitative and qualitative studies on differentiation of self, relational mindfulness, and their correlations with romantic relationship quality, satisfaction, and couples’ coping and adaptation in the face of external stressors. The review utilized databases such as JSTOR, ProQuest, Science Direct, Scopus, Springer Link, Web of Science, and Wiley Online Library. Results: The literature review indicates that a high level of differentiation of self can positively influence the quality of romantic relationships and enhance couples’ ability to cope with external stressors. Relational mindfulness may be a better predictor of relationship quality than dispositional mindfulness; however, its connections to couples’ coping with stress require further research. A modified theoretical model of dyadic adaptation in the face of external stressors was proposed, which incorporates psychological variables such as differentiation of self and relational mindfulness. The outcomes of adaptation in the model include a high level of romantic relationship quality and stability. Conclusions: Empirical verification of the proposed model’s assumptions and longitudinal studies could contribute to the development of effective therapeutic programs supporting couples in managing stress, which may translate into building stable and satisfying relationships.