Deep Learning-Based River Flow Forecasting with MLPs: Comparative Exploratory Analysis Applied to the Tejo and the Mondego Rivers

This paper presents an innovative service for river flow forecasting and its demonstration in two dam-controlled rivers in Portugal, Tejo, and Mondego rivers, based on using Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) models to predict and forecast river flow. The main goal is to create and improve AI models that operate as remote services, providing precise and timely river flow predictions for the next 3 days. This paper examines the use of MLP architectures to predict river discharge using comprehensive hydrological data from Portugal's National Water Resources Information System (Sistema Nacional de Informação de Recursos Hídricos, SNIRH), demonstrated for the Tejo and Mondego river basins. The methodology is described in detail, including data preparation, model training, and forecasting processes, and provides a comparative study of the MLP model's performance in both case studies. The analysis shows that MLP models attain acceptable accuracy in short-term river flow forecasts for the selected scenarios and datasets, adeptly reflecting discharge patterns and peak occurrences. These models seek to enhance water resources management and decision-making by amalgamating modern data-driven methodologies with established hydrological and meteorological data sources, facilitating better flood mitigation and sustainable water resource planning as well as accurate boundary conditions for downstream forecast systems.