Effects of Dietary <i>β</i> ‐Carotene Supplementation on Growth Performance, Biochemical Indices, Hemato‐Immunological Parameters, and Physio‐Metabolic Responses of the Oriental River Prawn ( <i>Macrobrachium nipponense</i> )

An 8-week feeding experiment was carried out to determine the influence of <i>β</i>-carotene intake on the growth, biochemical, and immunological responses of <i>Macrobrachium nipponense</i>. Five distinct formulated nutritional regimens were fed to prawns with an average weight of 1.37 ± 0.09 g, each containing varying levels of <i>β</i>-carotene, including 0 (control), 50, 100, 150, and 200 mg/kg. According to the results, the growth metrics were markedly increased by the various levels of <i>β</i>-carotene (<i>p</i> < 0.05); however, the hepatosomatic index (HSI) remained statistically unchanged compared to the control treatment (<i>p</i> > 0.05). Despite that, a reduction was observed in most hemolymph biochemical indicators, including triglycerides, urea, creatinine, and uric acid (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Conversely, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels demonstrated a notable increase in comparison to the control group (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Moreover, the levels of calcium, phosphorus, and cholesterol did not exhibit any noteworthy differences (<i>p</i> > 0.05). The administration of <i>β</i>-carotene resulted in a significant reduction of hemato-immune indices, including lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and cortisol (CORT) levels. Conversely, there was a notable increase in the levels of lysozyme (LYZ), albumin (ALB), phenoloxidase (PO), total protein (TP), hyaline cells (HCs), granular cells (GCs), semi-GCs (SGCs), and total hemocyte count (THC) within the <i>β</i>-carotene treatment groups (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Furthermore, the majority of the hepatopancreatic antioxidant parameters, including malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), exhibited a significant decrease in response to <i>β</i>-carotene treatment. However, the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) demonstrated a marked increase when compared to the control treatment (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Nonetheless, the levels of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and alkaline phosphatase (AKP) did not exhibit any significant changes by these experimental treatments (<i>p</i> > 0.05). The research revealed that elevated dietary levels of <i>β</i>-carotene, specifically at 200 mg/kg, significantly increased digestive enzyme activities, total carotenoid content (TCC), and body chemical composition, including crude protein and crude lipid levels (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Despite the <i>β</i>-carotene supplementation, the populations of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and ash content remained unaffected (<i>p</i> > 0.05). Notably, an increase in the levels of <i>β</i>-carotene corresponded with a significant elevation in the expression of genes related to growth and immunity (<i>p</i> < 0.05). An elevation in dietary <i>β</i>-carotene significantly increased polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), and essential amino acids (EAAs) compared to the control group (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Eventually, the present research results indicate that the incorporation of 200 mg/kg <i>β</i>-carotene pigment into dietary of the oriental river prawn positively influences the growth indices, hematological, immunological, and metabolic responses of this prawn species.