Ionization Energies from Classical Force Balance: Calcium-like Uranium and Below

We examine a proposed modification (Mod 1 for short) to the Grand Unified Theory of Classical Physics (GUTCP) in which instead of orbitals holding two indistinguishable electrons, each electron has a distinct radius. The technique of creating a force balance equation for each electron in turn, from the inner to the outermost, is extended from Helium (and 2-electron ions such as Li+) and Lithium (and 3-electron ions such as Be+) up to Calcium and Ca-like ions. We release a public domain program to solve the force balance equations which are populated with force terms from GUTCP. We also compare our computations to NIST data in a provided spreadsheet.

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Publication Details

Journal
European Journal of Applied Physics
Published
2025-03-22
DOI
https://doi.org/10.24018/ejphysics.2025.7.2.369
Primary Topic
History and advancements in chemistry
Type
article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
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article

Ionization Energies from Classical Force Balance: Calcium-like Uranium and Below

David L. Selke
European Journal of Applied Physics
History and advancements in chemistry
article

Ionization Energies from Classical Force Balance: Calcium-like Uranium and Below

David L. Selke
article en

Abstract

We examine a proposed modification (Mod 1 for short) to the Grand Unified Theory of Classical Physics (GUTCP) in which instead of orbitals holding two indistinguishable electrons, each electron has a distinct radius. The technique of creating a force balance equation for each electron in turn, from the inner to the outermost, is extended from Helium (and 2-electron ions such as Li+) and Lithium (and 3-electron ions such as Be+) up to Calcium and Ca-like ions. We release a public domain program to solve the force balance equations which are populated with force terms from GUTCP. We also compare our computations to NIST data in a provided spreadsheet.

European Journal of Applied PhysicsVol. 7(2)
October University of Modern Sciences and Arts (EG)
Openalex Percentile: Top 93%
History and advancements in chemistry
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