Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes for the Treatment of Premature Ovarian Insufficiency: Mechanism, Application and Clinical Translation Prospects

Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) refers to a reproductive endocrine disease in which ovarian function is impaired in women before the age of 40, which seriously affects the quality of life of patients and increases their psychological and socioeconomic burden. At present, there are still certain limitations in the treatment of premature ovarian insufficiency, and none of them can fundamentally restore the patient's ovarian function. This forces people to find more effective ways to treat POI so that patients can achieve clinical pregnancy after effective treatment. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a type of multipotent stem cells capable of self-renewal and multidirectional differentiation. A large number of studies have shown that exosomes (Exo) secreted by mesenchymal stem cells can regulate the ovarian microenvironment through multiple mechanisms and play an important role in improving the ovarian function of POI mice. In this review, we mainly discuss the biogenesis of Exo, the characteristics of MSCs-derived Exo, their role in the treatment of POI, and related preclinical studies, so as to provide some new ideas for the clinical application of MSCs-derived Exo in the treatment of POI.