Analysis of time characteristics during the breakdown process of argon gas switches

Abstract This study establishes a two-dimensional fluid theoretical model for a two-electrode spark gap switch, linking the behavior of microscopic particles with the macroscopic discharge phase through multiscale dynamic coupling. It further investigates the temporal characteristics of the switch’s conductive process and streamer evolution from the perspective of microscopic particles. Using the finite element analysis method, the study investigates the effects of factors such as gas pressure, operating voltage, electrode spacing, and electrode curvature on the time characteristics of key discharge stages, including electron directed motion, electron avalanche formation, discharge channel (streamer) evolution, and full switch conduction. Based on the model’s significant advantage in comprehensively considering the internal microscopic particle behavior, the study quantifies the differential control of discharge stages by electrode geometry (curvature radius of 0.5–2.5 cm, spacing of 0.8–1.2 cm) and achieves precise breakdown delay prediction within the pressure range of 0.6–1.4 atm and voltage range of 16–24 kV. This provides a reliable theoretical basis for the design and delay prediction of high-voltage switches, making an important contribution to the advancement of the high-voltage switch field.