Challenges and Opportunities for Urban Water That Is Fit to Play in

As cities in Europe and beyond recognize the flood protection, recreational, and biodiversity benefits of blue-green spaces, human interaction with urban water is increasing. This trend raises public health concerns that must be addressed by the scientific community, regulators, and the water industry. Advances in measurement and modelling have made continuous city-scale water quality monitoring for real-time risk communication a realistic goal. Achieving this goal requires quality-assured data on hydrology, water quality, drainage infrastructure, and land use, along with robust mechanistic models and a deeper understanding of human behaviour.