A MXene-based double-network conductive hydrogel triboelectric nanogenerator for intelligent sports monitoring

The development of wearable flexible electronic devices is crucial for advancing applications in human motion monitoring, biomedicine, and smart sports. In this work, we introduce a MXene-based double-network conductive hydrogel (MD-hydrogel) for a high-performance triboelectric nanogenerator (MD-TENG). By incorporating sodium alginate (SA) into the hydrogel matrix, we significantly enhance its mechanical strength, enabling greater triboelectric contact and electrical output. Compared to conventional hydrogel TENGs, our MD-TENG exhibits 84 % higher open-circuit voltage (V OC ), 75 % higher short-circuit current (I SC ), and 84 % higher QSC. The V OC reaches 491.98 V, I SC 75.41 µA, transfer charge (Q SC ) 83.93 nC, and maximum power output 2.54 mW at 3 MΩ resistance, demonstrating superior energy harvesting performance. Furthermore, the MD-TENG is applied in football training, effectively sensing foot pressure and joint movements, providing real-time feedback for performance optimization and injury prevention. These findings highlight the MD-TENG’s potential for next-generation self-powered sensors in wearable electronics and sports monitoring.