Causal associations between liver function biomarkers and prostate cancer risk in European and East Asian populations: a univariate, multivariable, and bidirectional Mendelian Randomization study

The relationship between liver function markers and PCa seems to be influenced by genetic background. In East Asian populations, total bilirubin was identified as an independent protective factor against PCa, while reverse MR suggested a causal effect of PCa on reduced ALT levels. In European populations, there was insufficient evidence for a causal relationship between liver function markers and the risk of PCa. These findings may inform strategies for the clinical prevention, monitoring, and treatment of PCa, and further research is warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms driving these associations.