NIR‐I Light‐Activated Antibiotic Delivery & PDT via TiO₂/Graphene Metastructure for Enhanced Antibacterial Activity and Osseointegration of Ti Implants

Antibiotic therapy is a key strategy for treating infections associated with orthopedic implants, yet its limited effectiveness and potential to disrupt bone healing highlight the need for innovative approaches. Herein, a TiO₂-Graphene (TiO₂-G) metastructure is developed on Ti implant surface using a hydrothermal method coupled with plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), showing strong near-infrared light (NIR) absorption. The antibiotic doxycycline (DOX) is successfully loaded onto TiO₂-G and exhibited enhanced NIR release. The promising antibacterial efficacy is proven by both in vitro and in vivo tests with NIR irradiation for 5 min, which is ascribed to the synergistic photocatalytic activity of TiO₂-G and NIR-responsive release of DOX. Interestingly, after 5 min of NIR irradiation, the TiO₂-G metasurface neutralized the immediate negative effects of photodynamics and even upregulated the expression of osteogenic genes (osteocalcin (OPN), osteopontin (BSP), and bone sialoprotein (OCN)), with particularly enhanced effects observed on day 14. Moreover, the sustained release function of TiO₂-G significantly mitigated the cytotoxicity of free antibiotics with antibacterial capabilities comparable to those of TiO₂-G/DOX under NIR irradiation for 5 min. Consequently, the in vivo studies proved that the TiO₂-G metastructure enhanced the osteointegration of the implant even in the absence of infection when loaded with DOX.