Exploring Key Biomarkers in Canine Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is one of the most common malignant skin tumours in dogs, significantly impacting canine health.Despite its prevalence, the study of biomarkers in canine SCC is still limited compared to human oncology. Biomarkers can providevaluable insights into the biological behaviour of tumours, aiding in diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment strategies. This reviewaims to consolidate the current knowledge on biomarkers in canine cutaneous SCC, highlighting parallels with human studiesto enhance the understanding and potential clinical applications in veterinary oncology. Several key biomarkers have been identified in canine SCC, including cyclooxygenases (COX-2), intermediate filaments (vimentin), angiogenic factors (VEGF), and apoptosis-related proteins (survivin). Other biomarkers such as periostin, heat shock proteins, SOX9, E-cadherin, cytokeratins, galectins, and kallikreins have also been explored, providing insights into the pathophysiology and potential therapeutic targets for canine SCC. The expression patterns of these biomarkers often parallel those observed in human SCC, underscoring their relevance in both veterinary and comparative oncology. Identifying and characterising biomarkers in canine cutaneous SCC is crucial for advancing veterinary oncology. Continued research in this area could lead to improved diagnostic tools and targeted therapies, ultimately enhancing the management of SCC in dogs.