Microcosms as an implement for assessing ecological processes in aquatic and terrestrial environments. Review

Currently, microcosms are used for research and assessment of environmental impacts on the environmental components. Microcosms are useful instruments in ecological studies, toxicology, and ecotoxicology. Microcosms allow the experimental study of ecosystems in a controlled medium. This review article is focused on the experiences of the use of aquatic and terrestrial microcosms in practice. The knowledge gained from studies of aquatic microcosms has applications in the removal of microplastics, pesticides, antibiotics, and their residues, heavy metals (Hg, Cd, Zn, etc.), the modification of the features of acid mine drainage, and the wastewater treatment. Terrestrial microcosms are suitable for the adaptation of the microbial community to pollution and acidification. The studies have identified potential microorganisms for remediation of the polluted environments and examined the effects of factors such as light, temperature, and redox conditions on the removal and transformation of the pollutants in soil. The effects of biofilm bacteria on bioremediation of pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were also examined. These studies provide valuable insights into the relationships among organisms, processes, and the environment, and can contribute to a better understanding of environmental risks and bioremediation opportunities in different ecosystems.