Acceptable range of timing error at bat-ball impact in baseball depends on the bat swing path

The average acceptable range of timing error was 9.36 ± 6.25 ms in time and 0.227 ± 0.163 m in distance. However, these ranges varied significantly (time: 2.48-30.40 ms; distance: 0.056-0.614 m) depending on the specific swing trajectory. Furthermore, our findings revealed that the acceptable range of timing error is not solely determined by a single swing characteristic but rather by the interplay of multiple factors, including the bat swing trajectory as viewed from the side and above and the bat angle at impact. These results suggest a need for a multifaceted approach to swing instruction, considering these inter-related factors to optimize a batter's ability consistently to make solid contact.