Multidimensional evaluation of quality differences for Dendrobium officinale stems grown under different cultivation environments based on widely targeted metabolomics, network pharmacology, molecular docking, and cell experiments

The composition and content of metabolites in <i>D. officinale</i> stems are influenced by the cultivation environment, which in turn affects the therapeutic effects of the stems. The change of the target preference could be the reason for the difference in drug efficacy. This study introduces a novel approach for distinguishing the quality of <i>D. officinale</i> stems grown under different cultivation environments and exploring the variations in their therapeutic effects.