Adoption and economic assessment of sprinkler irrigation for sustainable groundnut cultivation in the Western dry region of India

Groundnut cultivation under sprinkler irrigation gained attraction at in India, particularly in water-scarce regions, due to its efficiency in optimizing water use and improving crop yields. This study analyzed the adoption of sprinkler irrigation among farmers in Bikaner district during 2022-23, employing Heckmans’ two-stage selection model and logit regression. Data was collected from 200 farm households (100 sprinkler-adopted farmers, 100 canal irrigating farmers (a) non-adopters) during 2022-23. The findings revealed that sprinkler irrigation reduced water consumption by 37.11 % compared to canal irrigation while increasing yield by 7.98 per cent. However, excessive seed rates were observed in both irrigation systems, with sprinkler irrigation fields using 202.86 kg/ha, far exceeding the recommended 110-125 kg/ha. This unnecessary input led to higher seed costs, highlighting the need for awareness campaigns on optimal seed usage. Cost analysis showed that while total variable costs were higher for sprinkler irrigation (Rs. 105356.07/ha) than canal irrigation (Rs. 93958.49/ha), net income was significantly higher (Rs. 84156.54/ha vs. Rs. 44008.43/ha). Education, access to credit and farm size significantly influenced adoption, with educated farmers being four times more likely to adopt. Despite the benefits, high initial investment costs remained a barrier. Policy interventions, including improved credit access and awareness of PMKSY subsidies, were essential for promoting sprinkler irrigation and ensuring sustainable groundnut cultivation in India.