Barriers to HPV testing and cervical screening, and advantages of self-sampling, in trans men and non-binary people

Some types of human papillomavirus (HPV) can cause cancer and most cervical cancers are caused by untreated HPV infection. Screening for cervical cancer is undertaken via HPV primary screening. However, trans men who are registered with their GP as male but have a cervix are not routinely invited for screening. The authors of this article conducted a literature review to explore the barriers that trans men and non-binary people face in accessing HPV testing and cervical screening, and the advantages of cervical self-sampling in these population groups. Findings from the six articles included in the review are presented alongside recommendations for healthcare providers on how to be more inclusive and enhance the care of trans men and non-binary people in relation to HPV testing and cervical screening.