Efficient Mobility in Next Generation Heterogeneous Wireless Networks Based on Enhanced Vertical Handoff Approach

The progression of mobile technologies from first generation (1G) to fifth generation (5G) networks has brought about noteworthy advancement. The present network environment is characterized by the coexistence of various mobile networks and technologies, leading to overlapping or non-overlapping coverage areas, creating a next-generation heterogeneous landscape. Handoffs within the same network (i.e., GSM to GSM or vice versa) are known as horizontal or homogeneous handoffs. Conversely, when handoffs entail a transition to a different network type, such as moving from GSM to CDMA or vice versa, they are categorized as vertical or heterogeneous handoffs. Multiple link triggers, such as link down (LD), link going down (LGD), link detected, and link up, are employed to initiate and execute vertical handoff (VHO) when needed. We have determined the thresholds for vehicular speed and link triggers through extensive simulations, explicitly focusing on high-demand traffic types like video. This paper proposed an enhanced VHO approach based on IEEE 802.21, commonly called media independent handover (MIH), to improve Quality of Service (QoS) parameters, specifically mitigating packet loss (PL), and handoff delay and enhancing the user experience.