Peroxisomes and their role in pediatric diseases

Peroxisomes are specialized single-membrane organelles that play a key role in lipid metabolism, detoxification, and redox regulation. Disruptions in their biogenesis and function lead to severe inherited diseases, including Zellweger spectrum disorders and rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata. Despite significant advances in peroxisomal research, their involvement in various pathologies, including viral infections and immune disorders, remains insufficiently studied. Objective: To analyze current data on the structure, functions, and interactions of peroxisomes with other organelles, their role in human metabolism, immune processes, and the pathogenesis of diseases associated with peroxisomal protein defects. Key points. Peroxisomes participate in fatty acid oxidation, ether lipid biosynthesis, and reactive oxygen species metabolism. Their interactions with mitochondria, lysosomes, and the endoplasmic reticulum play a crucial role in cellular homeostasis. Peroxisomal metabolic dysfunction is linked not only to genetic diseases but also to altered immune responses, viral infections, and neurodegenerative processes. This review presents contemporary insights into the mechanisms underlying peroxisomal disorders and potential therapeutic approaches. Conclusion. Peroxisomal defects represent complex systemic disorders requiring a multidisciplinary approach. Modern molecular technologies enable the identification of novel disease mechanisms and the development of personalized treatment strategies. Further research is needed to clarify their role in immune regulation and infectious pathology.