The role of <i>Akkermansia muciniphila</i> in cancer: Mechanisms, therapeutic potential, and challenges

<i>Akkermansia muciniphila</i> (<i>A. muciniphila</i>), regarded as a promising candidate for next-generation probiotic applications, predominantly inhabits the intestinal mucus layer, where it plays a crucial role in maintaining gut barrier integrity and modulating immune responses. Recently, the bacterium has been recognized for its ambivalent influence on cancer, impacting both tumor progression and therapeutic interventions. Research indicates that <i>A. muciniphila</i> might possess both tumorigenic and anticancer capabilities, influenced by factors such as the composition of the gut microbiota, dietary modifications, and immune modulation. There is a compelling need for further studies to uncover the precise mechanisms and optimal use of <i>A. muciniphila</i> in oncology and beyond.