Early Prediction of Students’ Performance Through Deep Learning: A Systematic and Bibliometric Literature Review

Early prediction of student performance is a critical and challenging task in the field of Educational Data Mining (EDM), encompassing all levels of education. Although there is extensive literature on student performance within EDM, studies specifically focused on early prediction are limited and mostly rely on traditional machine learning methods. However, in recent years, the importance and use of deep learning (DL) methods have increased due to their ability to process large datasets. This systematic literature review focuses on the early prediction of student performance using DL techniques. A total of 39 articles selected from the Scopus and Web of Science databases were analyzed using systematic and bibliometric methods. The review addresses five key research questions, including the distribution of studies by publication year, type, and education level; the datasets and features used; DL models and techniques; the timing of early predictions; and the challenges, limitations, and opportunities encountered. The bibliometric analysis, conducted with the VOSviewer program, visualized relationships between keywords, authors, and articles. Overall, this review provides a comprehensive synthesis of existing research on the early prediction of student academic performance using DL, offering valuable insights into trends and opportunities for researchers, educators, and policymakers.